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Step 1

We are responsible for its interpretation. (75:19); ELSE Shirk.

"We" = 42:52-53, 11:17 and 4:82

Step 2

Law of Nature (Sunnatullah, 40:4 and 41:53)

Quranic Metaphysics: What is the REALITY for your argument?

Step 3

Natural Person (Revelation, 16:82, 2:151, 22:78)

Quranic Epistemology: What is the KNOWLEDGE for your argument?

Step 4

Natural Rights (Tawba, 7:156-185, 103, 90)

Quranic Axiology: What is the VALUE for your argument?

An argument is a claim with reasons that are supported by evidence.

Direct argument

Claim + Reasons + Supporting Evidence

Step 2

Counter-argument

An opposing argument.

Step 3

Rebuttal argument

Evidence that disagrees with the counter-argument.

Structure

Premise 1: . . . . . . . . . . .

Premise 2: . . . . . . . . . . .

Conclusion: . . . . . . . . . .

Questions for cross-examination

1. What are the issue and the conclusion?

2. What are the reasons?

3. Which words or phrases are ambiguous?

4. What are the value conflicts and assumptions?

5. What are the descriptive assumptions?

6. Are there any fallacies in the reasoning?

7. How good is the evidence?

8. Are there rival causes?

9. Are the statistic deceptive?

10. What significant information is omitted?

11. What reasonable conclusions are possible?

Quran

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Comparison and Dictionary

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